THIS POLYTHEISTIC RELIGION IS ONLY BASED ON EVIDENCE AND LOGIC: Sources

Sources For Chapter 3: Historical Divine Evidence Example

Historical Divine Evidence Example (Paragraph 1)

“Mongol Invasions of Japan,” accessed August 6, 2014, http://cdn.worldheritage.org/articles/Mongol_invasions_of_Japan.

Kallie Szczepanski, “The Mongol Invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281,” accessed July 9, 2014, http://asianhistory.about.com/od/japan/a/Mongolinvasion.htm.

Wil Longbottom, “Divers find 13th century wreck from Kublai Khan’s Mongol invasion fleet that was destroyed by ‘divine’ typhoon,” accessed August 6, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2053656/Divers-13th-century-wreck-Kublai-Kahns-Mongol-invasion-fleet-destroyed-divine-typhoon.html.

Sources For Chapter 5: Physical Divine Evidence Examples

Physical Divine Evidence Examples (Paragraph 1)

“Lightning Fires,” accessed July 15, 2014, https://www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/pdf/statistics/v2i6-508.pdf.

“Lightning and Fires,” accessed July 15, 2014, http://www.lightningsafety.noaa.gov/fire.htm.

Steve Nix, “Causes of Forest Fires,” accessed July 15, 2014, http://forestry.about.com/od/forestfire/a/Causes-Of-Forest-Fires.htm.

Andrew Glikson, “Fire and human evolution: The deep-time blueprints of the Anthropocene,” accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213305414000046.

“Discovery of Fire Pushed Back 500,000 Years,” accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/10/29/discovery-fire-pushed-back-500000-years/.

Charles Choi, “Humans Used Fire 1 Million Years Ago,” accessed July 18, 2014, http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/human-ancestor-fire-120402.htm.

Thomas Wynn, “Fire Good. Make Human Inspiration Happen,” accessed August 5, 2014, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/fire-good-make-human-inspiration-happen-132494650/?no-ist.

Physical Divine Evidence Examples (Paragraph 2)

Chris Pash, “The Shocking Truth About Electric Fish,” accessed July 14, 2014, http://www.businessinsider.com.au/the-shocking-truth-about-electric-fish-2014-6.

“What Is an Electric Ray?,” accessed July 14, 2014, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-electric-ray.htm.

Definition of electric ray, accessed August 12, 2014, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/electric-ray.

Greg Miller, “Shocking Medical Devices From Another Century,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2013/11/bakken-museum/.

Amanda Schaffer, “It May Come as a Shock,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/health/07migr.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&.

Megan Garber, “Ben Franklin’s Doodle of a Torricellian Tube Is Detailed and Endearing,” accessed August 3, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/01/ben-franklins-doodle-of-a-torricellian-tube-is-detailed-and-endearing/252163/.

“Drawing a spark from darkness: John Walsh and electric fish,” accessed August 12, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11801339.

“Cicero’s brain and vibrating nerves,” accessed August 3, 2014, http://brain.oxfordjournals.org/content/131/10/2798.full.

Physical Divine Evidence Examples (Paragraph 3)

Loren Grush, “Salamanders may hold the key to regrowing human limbs, study finds,” accessed July 9, 2014, http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/06/19/salamanders-may-hold-key-to-regrowing-human-limbs-study-finds/.

Liz Langley, “Pictures: 5 Animals That Regrow Body Parts,” accesses September 19, 2014, http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2013/08/28/worms-that-regrow-heads-and-other-regenerators/.

Ken Muneoka, Manjong Han, and David Gardiner, “Regrowing Limbs: Can People Regenerate Body Parts?,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/regrowing-human-limbs/?page=1.

Tanya Lewis, “Limb Regeneration In Salamanders Depends On Key Immune Cells, Axolotl Study Shows,” accessed July 15, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/21/limb-regeneration-salamanders-immune-cells-axolotl_n_3311704.html#.

Brandon Keim, “Salamander Discovery Could Lead to Human Limb Regeneration,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2009/07/regeneration/.

Sources For Chapter 6: The Evidencism Religious Book

The Evidencism Religious Book (Paragraph 1)

Greg Miller, “Shocking Medical Devices From Another Century,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2013/11/bakken-museum/.

Amanda Schaffer, “It May Come as a Shock,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/07/health/07migr.html?pagewanted=all&_r=1&.

Brandon Keim, “Salamander Discovery Could Lead to Human Limb Regeneration,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.wired.com/2009/07/regeneration/.

Shannon Odelberg, “Unraveling the Molecular Basis for Regenerative Cellular Plasticity,” accessed September 19, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC509298/.

Sources For Chapter 7: The Pioneer Species

The Pioneer Species (Paragraph 1)

“How many solar systems are in our galaxy?,” accessed July 29, 2014, http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/dr-marc-space/solar-systems-in-galaxy.html.

“There are 8.8 billion Earth-like planets in the Milky Way: study,” accessed July 29, 2014, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/8-8-billion-earth-like-planets-milky-study-article-1.1507171.

Lee Speigel, “There Are ‘Tens Of Billions’ Of Habitable Planets In Our Galaxy, Astronomer Seth Shostak Says,” accessed July 29, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/24/habitable-planets-seth-shostak_n_5527116.html#.

“Galaxies,” accessed July 29, 2014, http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/galaxies-article/.

Katia Moskvitch, “Universe Expanding Symmetrically, Real-Time Analysis Shows,” accessed October 23, 2014, http://www.space.com/25673-universe-expansion-real-time-cosmology.html.

Elizabeth Landau, “The universe is expanding, but how quickly?,” accessed September 30, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/08/tech/innovation/universe-expansion-astronomers/.

Brent Tully, “How Big Is the Universe?,” accessed September 30, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/how-big-universe.html.

“Age Of The Earth,” accessed August 14, 2014, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html.

“4.4-billion-year-old zircon crystal fragment is oldest piece of Earth ever found,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/4-billion-year-old-zircon-crystal-fragment-is-oldest-piece-of-earth-ever-found/.

The Pioneer Species (Paragraph 10)

Ciara Curtin, “Fact or Fiction?: Living People Outnumber the Dead,” accessed August 30, 2014, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-living-outnumber-dead/.

Nicholas Gerbis, “Are There More People Alive Today than Ever Lived?,” accessed August 30, 2014, http://www.livescience.com/34162-population-alive-dead.html.

“More people are alive today than have ever lived,” accessed August 30, 2014, http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/mythbusters/more-people-alive-than-ever-lived.aspx.

Sources For Chapter 8: Animal Souls

Animal Souls (Paragraph 1)

“Farm Animal Statistics: Slaughter Totals,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://www.humanesociety.org/news/resources/research/stats_slaughter_totals.html#.

Eric Andrew-Gee, “Stop Saving These Animals!,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://www.newrepublic.com/article/environment-and-energy/99342/russia-harp-seal-ban.

“Pigs: Intelligent Animals Suffering in Factory Farms and Slaughterhouses,” accessed August 23, 2014, http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/animals-used-food-factsheets/pigs-intelligent-animals-suffering-factory-farms-slaughterhouses/.

Deena Shanker, “14 Things You Need To Know About Your Bacon,” accessed August 23, 2014, http://www.buzzfeed.com/deenashanker/things-you-need-to-know-about-your-bacon#2olstme.

Lianne McLeod (DVM), “Pot Bellied Pigs as Pets,” accessed August 12, 2014, http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/potbelliedpigs/a/pbpexpect.htm.

“The Joy of Pigs – Pigs as Pets,” accessed August 12, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/episodes/the-joy-of-pigs/pigs-as-pets/2124/.

“Small Pet Care,” accessed August 12, 2014, http://www.aspca.org/pet-care/small-pet-care.

Lianne McLeod (DVM), “Small Rodents as Pets – A Comparison,” accessed August 12, 2014, http://exoticpets.about.com/cs/resourcesgeneral/a/choosearodent.htm.

“Mice: The Right Pet for You?,” accessed October 8, 2014, http://www.humanesociety.org/animals/mice/tips/mice_as_pets.html.

Christine Dell’Amore, “Old Mice Made ‘Young’ – May Lead to Anti-Aging Treatments,” accessed August 23, 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2012/01/120106-aging-mice-stem-cells-old-young-science-health/.

Max Fisher, “Does Chimp Warfare Explain Our Sense of Good and Evil?,” accessed August 26, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/06/does-chimp-warfare-explain-our-sense-of-good-and-evil/58643/.

Roz Zurko, “Chimp personhood: Human-like animals need human-like rights in odd court debate,” accessed October 9, 2014, http://www.examiner.com/article/chimp-personhood-human-like-animals-need-human-like-rights-odd-court-debate.

“Dog awaiting rescue watched over by manatee,” accessed September 24, 2014, http://www.aol.com/article/2014/09/24/dog-awaiting-rescue-watched-over-by-manatee/20966965/?icid=maing-grid7%7Cmain5%7Cdl13%7Csec1_lnk3%26pLid%3D534670.

“Smart ape lights campfire, roasts marshmallows,” accessed October 22, 2014, http://www.aol.com/article/2014/10/22/smart-ape-lights-campfire-roasts-marshmallows/20982200/?icid=maing-grid7%7Cmain5%7Cdl26%7Csec1_lnk2%26pLid%3D549946.

Sources For Chapter 9: The Four Periods Of The Student Era

The Four Periods Of The Student Era (Paragraph 1)

David Samson, “What Were the Skills of Early Hominids?,” accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8664114_were-skills-early-hominids.html.

Herman Pontzer, “Overview of Hominin Evolution,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/overview-of-hominin-evolution-89010983.

Barbara King, “For How Long Have We Been Human?,” accessed August 29, 2014, http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2012/09/11/160934187/for-how-long-have-we-been-human.

Michael Marshall, “South African fossils halfway between ape and human,” accessed August 27, 2014, http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn20883-south-african-fossils-halfway-between-ape-and-human.html#.U_4R6ax0zIV.

Neanderthal definition, accessed September 21, 2014, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/neanderthal.

Peter Tyson, “Who’s Who In Human Evolution,” accessed September 2, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hobbit/tree-nf.html.

“Origins of Humankind – Homo habilis,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/humans/humankind/j.html.

Andrew Glikson, “Fire and human evolution: The deep-time blueprints of the Anthropocene,” accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213305414000046.

Heather Scoville, “Human Ancestors – Homo Group,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://evolution.about.com/od/humans/tp/Human-Ancestors-Homo-Group.htm.

David Keys, “Revealed: how prehistoric ‘des res’ gave Stone Age Brits a perfect diet,” accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/revealed-how-prehistoric-des-res-gave-stone-age-brits-a-perfect-diet-8995918.html.

“Neanderthals were nifty at controlling fire,” accessed August 27, 2014, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/03/110314152917.htm.

Paul Hamaker, “Neanderthals used fire 400,000 years ago,” accessed August 27, 2014, http://www.examiner.com/article/neanderthals-used-fire-400-000-years-ago.

The Four Periods Of The Student Era (Paragraph 2)

Herman Pontzer, “Overview of Hominin Evolution,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/overview-of-hominin-evolution-89010983.

Erin Wayman, “Fossil Finds Complicate Search for Human Ancestor,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/fossil-finds-complicate-search-for-human-ancestor-73704461/?no-ist.

David Samson, “What Were the Skills of Early Hominids?,” accessed August 28, 2014, http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8664114_were-skills-early-hominids.html.

Peter Tyson, “Who’s Who In Human Evolution,” accessed September 2, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/hobbit/tree-nf.html.

“Science and Nature – Prehistoric Life – Homo Habilis,” accessed August 27, 2014, http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/cavemen/factfiles/homo_habilis.shtml.

Bernard Wood and Sarah Elton, “Symposium on ‘Human evolution: ancestors and relatives,’” accessed August 26, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2409104/.

K. Kris Hirst, “Hominin,” accessed August 26, 2014, http://archaeology.about.com/od/hterms/g/hominin.htm.

“Australopithecine Not so Precocious,” accessed August 27, 2014, http://news.sciencemag.org/archaeology/1998/04/australopithecine-not-so-precocious.

Australopithecus definition, accessed September 21, 2014, http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/australopithecus.

“Hominidae Family Tree,” accessed August 26, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/3416_id_02.html.

Charles Choi, “Humans Used Fire 1 Million Years Ago,” accessed July 18, 2014, http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/human-ancestor-fire-120402.htm.

Stefan Lovgren, “Chimps, Humans 96 Percent the Same, Gene Study Finds,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/08/0831_050831_chimp_genes.html.

Lara Salahi, “Chimpanzees vs. Humans: Sizing Up Their Strength,” accessed August 24, 2014, http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Wellness/chimpanzees-humans-sizing-strength/story?id=16696826.

Zoe Mintz, “300,000-Year-Old Hearth Found In Qesem Cave; Ancient ‘Campfire’ Sheds Light On Human Culture,” accessed August 29, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.com/300000-year-old-hearth-found-qesem-cave-ancient-campfire-sheds-light-human-culture-photos-1548987.

“How long have we been here?,” accessed August 29, 2014, http://www.nhm.ac.uk/nature-online/life/human-origins/modern-human-evolution/when/index.html.

Barbara King, “For How Long Have We Been Human?,” accessed August 29, 2014, http://www.npr.org/blogs/13.7/2012/09/11/160934187/for-how-long-have-we-been-human.

Sources For Chapter 10: The Technology Apex Period

The Technology Apex Period (Paragraph 1)

“See AIDs as God’s Punishment for Immorality,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.pewresearch.org/daily-number/see-aids-as-gods-punishment-for-immorality/.

Antonia Blumberg, “Fourteen Percent Of Americans Believe AIDS Might Be God’s Punishment: Survey,” accessed August 13, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/02/28/aids-hiv-gods-punishment_n_4876381.html#.

Sources For Chapter 11: Student Era Technology Limits

Student Era Technology Limits (Paragraph 1)

“Time Traveler,” accessed September 24, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/einstein/hotsciencetwin/.

Louis Del Monte, “Time Travel to the Future Is Real,” accessed September 24, 2014, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/louis-a-del-monte/time-travel_b_2972750.html.

Sources For Chapter 12: The Graduate Era

The Graduate Era (Paragraph 1)

“Age Of The Earth,” accessed August 14, 2014, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html.

“Solar System ‘Fossils’ Discovered By Hubble Telescope,” accessed August 14, 2014, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/09/030908071505.htm.

Sources For Chapter 13: Our Divine Government

Our Divine Government (Paragraph 1)

Danica Sorber, “What Is the Difference Between a Democracy and a Republic Nation?,” accessed September 25, 2014, http://www.ehow.com/info_8169228_difference-between-democracy-republic-nation.html.

“What Is the Difference Between a Republic and a Democracy?,” accessed September 25, 2014, http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-the-difference-between-a-republic-and-a-democracy.htm.

Paul O’Rourke, “USA: Republic or Democracy? Answer: Yes.,” accessed September 25, 2014, http://open.salon.com/blog/paul_j_orourke/2009/02/16/usa_republic_or_democracy_answer_yes.

Robert Bennett, “Defining ‘democracy’ and ‘republic,’” accessed September 25, 2014, http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700147378/Defining-democracy-and-republic.html?pg=all.

Daniel Griswold, “Trade, Democracy and Peace: The Virtuous Cycle,” accessed August 16, 2014, http://www.cato.org/publications/speeches/trade-democracy-peace-virtuous-cycle.

Laza Kekic, “The Economist Intelligence Unit’s index of democracy,” accessed July 26, 2014, http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX_2007_v3.pdf.

“The World Factbook: GDP – Per Capita (PPP),” accessed August 4, 2014, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html.

“GDP per capita (current US$),” accessed August 4, 2014, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?order=wbapi_data_value_2013+wbapi_data_value+wbapi_data_value-last&sort=desc.

Our Divine Government (Paragraph 2)

“Teaching With Documents: The Ratification of the Constitution,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/constitution-day/ratification.html.

Kristie Brown, “Which States Approved the Constitution?,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.ehow.com/info_8650038_states-approved-constitution.html.

David Cutler, “Timeline: Sixty years of European Union,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/10/12/nobel-prize-peace-eu-idINDEE89B0C220121012.

“EU Treaties,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/decision-making/treaties/index_en.htm.

“Learning with the Times: 7 nations still under absolute monarchy,” accessed October 11, 2014, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Learning-with-the-Times-7-nations-still-under-absolute-monarchy/articleshow/3692953.cms.

Phillip Blond, “In defence of Kings and Queens: why the monarch matters,” accessed October 11, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-11930839.

Gillian Murdoch, “FACTBOX: Where are the world’s remaining monarchies?,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/05/29/us-monarchy-idUST21920320080529.

Caitlin Dewey and Max Fisher, “Meet the world’s other 25 royal families,” accessed October 11, 2014, http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/22/meet-the-worlds-other-25-royal-families/.

Sources For Chapter 14: Lifetime Immunity

Lifetime Immunity (Paragraph 2)

“Enron: The Smartest Guys in the Room,” directed by Alex Gibney (2005; New York, NY: Magnolia Pictures, 2006), DVD.

“Kenneth Lay Biography,” accessed October 1, 2014, http://www.biography.com/people/kenneth-lay-234611#synopsis.

“Ken Lay’s conviction tossed out by judge,” accessed July 18, 2014, http://money.cnn.com/2006/10/17/news/newsmakers/ken_lay/index.htm.

“Judge Tosses Conviction of Late Enron Founder Kenneth Lay Citing His Death,” accessed July 18, 2014, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2006/10/17/judge-tosses-conviction-late-enron-founder-kenneth-lay-citing-his-death/.

Sources For Chapter 16: Afterlife Groups

Afterlife Groups (Paragraph 4)

“Age Of The Earth,” accessed August 14, 2014, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html.

Sources For Chapter 17: The Creation Gods

The Creation Gods (Paragraph 3)

“Astronomy Picture of the Day,” accesses September 19, 2014, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap961017.html.

“Age Of The Earth,” accessed August 14, 2014, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/geotime/age.html.

“Solar System ‘Fossils’ Discovered By Hubble Telescope,” accessed August 14, 2014, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/09/030908071505.htm.

“Astronomers discover and ‘weigh’ infant solar system: Young star with rotating dust disk is youngest still-forming planetary system yet found,” accessed September 19, 2014, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121205132401.htm.

Ian O’Neill, “Could TW Hydrae Be a Baby Solar System?,” accessed September 19, 2014, http://news.discovery.com/space/astronomy/could-young-star-tw-hydrae-be-solar-system-twin-130113.htm.

Sources For Chapter 18: Single Incarnation And The Black Death

Single Incarnation And The Black Death (Paragraph 1)

Stephen Hull, “Black Death bug which killed 100 million in 14th century plague still exists in modern day Britain,” accessed July 23, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2031776/Black-Death-bug-killed-100million-14th-century-plague-exists-modern-day-Britain.html.

Steven Salzberg, “The Black Death is dead (thanks to evolution),” accessed July 25, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2011/09/02/the-black-death-is-dead-thanks-to-evolution/.

Max Singer, “The Population Surprise,” accessed September 4, 2014, http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/issues/99aug/9908popdrop.htm.

Amanda Onion, “Study: World Population to Stop Growing,” accessed September 4, 2014, http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98371&page=1&singlePage=true.

David Eskin, “Will the world see a population decrease?,” accessed September 4, 2014, http://www.examiner.com/article/will-the-world-see-a-population-decrease.

Kiran Moodley, “World population to peak by 2055: report,” accessed September 4, 2014, http://www.cnbc.com/id/101018722#.

Rebecca Nelson, “Overcrowding? Nah – the World’s Population May Actually Be Declining,” accessed September 4, 2014, http://newsfeed.time.com/2013/01/11/overcrowding-nah-the-worlds-population-may-actually-be-declining/.

Single Incarnation And The Black Death (Paragraph 2)

The following paragraphs explain the population data used in Paragraph 2.

For each of the four years near the Black Death period, population estimates were chosen from at least two different sources because they were nearly identical estimates or because they were the closest estimates to each other. The population estimates for each year were also chosen after they were compared to the population estimates from the other three years. The U.S. Census Bureau (source 1) has historical world population estimates from at least five different sources. The sources of my population estimates are numbered in this section of my sources list. Many sources reveal that the Black Death killed 75 million to 100 million people (source 4, source 5, source 7, source 8, and source 10). The Black Death occurred between 1847 ADG and 1851 ADG (AD 1347 - AD 1351).

In 1840 ADG (AD 1340), source 1A (U.S. Census Bureau - Biraben data) has a population estimate of 443 million, and source 2 (World Heritage Encyclopedia) has a population estimate of 450 million. Many articles reveal that the pre-plague world population was 450 million (source 4 and source 10). I use the 450 million population estimate.

In 1850 ADG (AD 1350), source 2 (World Heritage Encyclopedia) has a population estimate of “around 370 million.” The source 3 (United Nations) population estimate is in a range. In 1850 ADG (AD 1350), source 3 (United Nations) has a high population estimate of 475 million and a low population estimate of 375 million. The population estimates of “around 370 million” and 375 million (low estimate of range) are very close. The population estimate of 375 million (low estimate of range) is not used because the number is part of a range of estimates instead of a single estimate. I use the population estimate of 370 million because the number is almost the same as “around 370 million.”

In 1900 ADG (AD 1400), source 1A (U.S. Census Bureau - Biraben data) has a population estimate of 374 million, source 1D (U.S. Census Bureau - McEvedy and Jones data) has a population estimate of 350 million, and source 4 (DailyMail.co.uk) has a population estimate of “almost 350 million.” The 374 million population estimate is not used because it is close to the 1850 ADG (AD 1350) population estimates of “around 370 million” and 375 million (low estimate of range). The population is probably lower fifty years later because there were several plagues between 1850 ADG (AD 1350) and 1900 ADG (AD 1400) (source 6 and source 9). I use the 350 million population estimate.

In 2000 ADG (AD 1500), source 1A (U.S. Census Bureau - Biraben data) has a population estimate of 460 million, and source 2 (World Heritage Encyclopedia) has a population estimate of 458 million. I use the 460 million population estimate.

1. “Historical Estimates of World Population,” accessed September 5, 2014, https://www.census.gov/population/international/data/worldpop/table_history.php.

2. “World Population,” accessed September 8, 2014, http://cdn.worldheritage.org/articles/World_population.

3. “Orders of magnitude of the world’s urban population in history,” accessed September 8, 2014, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Archive/Files/studies/United%20Nations%20(1977)%20-%20Orders%20of%20magnitude%20of%20the%20world's%20urban%20population%20in%20history.PDF.

4. Stephen Hull, “Black Death bug which killed 100 million in 14th century plague still exists in modern day Britain,” accessed July 23, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2031776/Black-Death-bug-killed-100million-14th-century-plague-exists-modern-day-Britain.html.

5. “Relics of the Black Death era put on show in UK,” accessed July 25, 2014, http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2008781559_apeubritainblackdeath.html.

6. Robert Wilde, “The Black Death,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/cultureartliterature/a/blackdeath.htm.

7. Heather Whipps, “How the Black Death Changed the World,” accessed September 7, 2014, http://www.livescience.com/2497-black-death-changed-world.html.

8. Katherine Richard, “The Global Impacts of the Black Death,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://geography.about.com/od/culturalgeography/a/Impacts-Of-The-Black-Death.htm.

9. Ann Carmichael, “Universal and Particular: The Language of Plague, 1348 – 1500,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630032/.

10. Steven Salzberg, “The Black Death is dead (thanks to evolution),” accessed July 25, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2011/09/02/the-black-death-is-dead-thanks-to-evolution/.

Paul Keim and David Wagner, “Humans and evolutionary and ecological forces shaped the phylogeography of recently emerged diseases,” accessed September 8, 2014, http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v7/n11/box/nrmicro2219_BX2.html.

Molly Edmonds, “How the Black Death Worked,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/black-death.htm.

Mark Prigg, “Did the plague help finish off the Romans? Researchers find traces of killer ‘Black Death’ bacteria in pandemic that killed 100 MILLION and triggered decline of Empire,” accessed September 7, 2014, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2323843/Did-plague-help-finish-Roman-Empire-Researchers-traces-killer-Black-Death-bug.html.

Single Incarnation And The Black Death (Paragraph 3)

“The Black Death and early public health measures,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/blackdeath.aspx.

Ann Carmichael, “Universal and Particular: The Language of Plague, 1348 – 1500,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630032/.

Molly Edmonds, “How the Black Death Worked,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/black-death.htm.

Simon Wessely, “A plague on all your houses,” accessed September 13, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/aug/14/featuresreviews.guardianreview.

Melissa Snell, “The Great Mortality,” accessed September 7, 2014, http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortalityb.htm.

Single Incarnation And The Black Death (Paragraph 4)

Robert Wilde, “The Black Death,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/cultureartliterature/a/blackdeath.htm.

Ann Carmichael, “Universal and Particular: The Language of Plague, 1348 – 1500,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630032/.

Molly Edmonds, “How the Black Death Worked,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://history.howstuffworks.com/historical-events/black-death.htm.

“Alexandre Yersin,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/biologists/alexandre-yersin-info.htm.

“Alexandre Yersin (1863 – 1943): discoverer of the plague bacillus, explorer and agronomist,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653838.

“1593 The plague,” accessed September 7, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/shakespeare/events/event115.html.

Simon Wessely, “A plague on all your houses,” accessed September 13, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/aug/14/featuresreviews.guardianreview.

Steven Salzberg, “The Black Death is dead (thanks to evolution),” accessed July 25, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2011/09/02/the-black-death-is-dead-thanks-to-evolution/.

Christopher Wanjek, “Devastating Plague Strains Arose Twice, Could Return,” accessed September 7, 2014, http://www.livescience.com/42884-plague-strains-black-death-justinian.html.

Single Incarnation And The Black Death (Paragraph 5)

“1593 The plague,” accessed September 7, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/shakespeare/events/event115.html.

“Alexandre Yersin,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/biologists/alexandre-yersin-info.htm.

“Alexandre Yersin (1863 – 1943): discoverer of the plague bacillus, explorer and agronomist,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18653838.

Simon Wessely, “A plague on all your houses,” accessed September 13, 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/books/2004/aug/14/featuresreviews.guardianreview.

Steven Salzberg, “The Black Death is dead (thanks to evolution),” accessed July 25, 2014, http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevensalzberg/2011/09/02/the-black-death-is-dead-thanks-to-evolution/.

“Etymologia: Yersinia,” accessed September 7, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3322047/.

“Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895),” accessed September 10, 2014, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/pasteur_louis.shtml.

“Louis Pasteur (1822 – 1895),” accessed September 13, 2014, http://www.france.fr/en/outstanding-men-and-women/louis-pasteur-1822-1895.html.

“Louis Pasteur,” accessed September 12, 2014, http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100309600.

“Louis Pasteur Biography,” accessed September 8, 2014, http://www.biography.com/people/louis-pasteur-9434402#synopsis.

“Louis Pasteur,” accessed September 8, 2014, http://science.howstuffworks.com/dictionary/famous-scientists/chemists/louis-pasteur-info.htm.

Melissa Snell, “The Great Mortality,” accessed September 7, 2014, http://historymedren.about.com/od/theblackdeath/a/greatmortalityb.htm.

Ann Carmichael, “Universal and Particular: The Language of Plague, 1348 – 1500,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630032/.

“The Black Death and early public health measures,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/blackdeath.aspx.

Robert Wilde, “The Black Death,” accessed September 6, 2014, http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/cultureartliterature/a/blackdeath.htm.

“International Data Base – Total Midyear Population for the World: 1950 – 2050,” accessed September 3, 2014, http://www.census.gov/population/international/data/idb/worldpoptotal.php.

Matt Rosenberg, “Current World Population,” accessed August 30, 2014, http://geography.about.com/od/obtainpopulationdata/a/worldpopulation.htm.

Sources For Chapter 19: Our Solar System

Our Solar System (Paragraph 1)

Mike Wall, “So why do we keep going back to Mars?,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://www.nbcnews.com/id/48355688/ns/technology_and_science-space/t/so-why-do-we-keep-going-back-mars-heres-why/#.U9p8zax0zIU.

Michael Lemonick, “Mars: New Clues to Life in ‘Lake Doughnut,’” accessed August 15, 2014, http://science.time.com/2013/12/09/mars-new-clues-to-life-in-lake-doughnut/.

Eryn Brown, “Is exploring Mars worth the investment?,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://phys.org/news/2012-07-exploring-mars-worth-investment.html.

Larry Klein, “Does Mars Have Life?,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/does-mars-have-life.html.

Azadeh Ansari and Elizabeth Landau, “Mars Curiosity rover finds life-supporting chemicals,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/10/tech/mars-curiosity-rover/.

Jeffrey Kluger, “Enough Already. Does Mars Have Life or Not?,” accessed August 16, 2014, http://science.time.com/2013/09/19/enough-already-does-mars-have-life-or-not/.

“Viking 1 and 2,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/viking_program.

Elizabeth Howell, “Viking 1: First U.S. Lander on Mars,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://www.space.com/18234-viking-1.html.

Elizabeth Howell, “Mariner 4: First Spacecraft to Mars,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://www.space.com/18787-mariner-4.html.

Our Solar System (Paragraph 2)

Jeffrey Kluger, “Enough Already. Does Mars Have Life or Not?,” accessed August 16, 2014, http://science.time.com/2013/09/19/enough-already-does-mars-have-life-or-not/.

Eryn Brown, “Is exploring Mars worth the investment?,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://phys.org/news/2012-07-exploring-mars-worth-investment.html.

Elizabeth Howell, “Mariner 4: First Spacecraft to Mars,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://www.space.com/18787-mariner-4.html.

“Viking 1 and 2,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/space_missions/viking_program.

Elizabeth Howell, “Viking 1: First U.S. Lander on Mars,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://www.space.com/18234-viking-1.html.

Elizabeth Howell, “Viking 2: Second Landing on Mars,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.space.com/18803-viking-2.html.

“Program and Missions – Historical Log,” accessed July 31, 2014, http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/programmissions/missions/log/.

“Program and Missions – Human Exploration,” accessed August 1, 2014, http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/programmissions/science/goal4/.

“Epic search for evidence of life on Mars heats up with focus on high-tech instruments,” accessed August 1, 2014, http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110830111221.htm.

Azadeh Ansari and Elizabeth Landau, “Mars Curiosity rover finds life-supporting chemicals,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2013/12/10/tech/mars-curiosity-rover/.

Sources For Chapter 20: Our Universe

Our Universe (Paragraph 2)

Julia Layton, “Has Earth reached its carrying capacity?,” accessed July 21, 2014, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/earth-carrying-capacity1.htm.

Erle Ellis, “Overpopulation Is Not the Problem,” accessed July 21, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/opinion/overpopulation-is-not-the-problem.html?_r=0.

Mary Bagley, “Holocene Epoch: The Age of Man,” accessed September 28, 2014, http://www.livescience.com/28219-holocene-epoch.html.

“World Population,” accessed September 8, 2014, http://cdn.worldheritage.org/articles/World_population.

Nelson Schwartz, “American Energy Policy, Asleep at the Spigot,” accessed July 23, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/06/business/06oil.html?pagewanted=all.

“History Of Fuel Economy,” accessed July 24, 2014, http://www.pewtrusts.org/~/media/Assets/2011/04/History-of-Fuel-Economy-Clean-Energy-Factsheet.pdf.

Our Universe (Paragraph 3)

“How many solar systems are in our galaxy?,” accessed July 29, 2014, http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/review/dr-marc-space/solar-systems-in-galaxy.html.

“There are 8.8 billion Earth-like planets in the Milky Way: study,” accessed July 29, 2014, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/8-8-billion-earth-like-planets-milky-study-article-1.1507171.

“Galaxies,” accessed July 29, 2014, http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/universe/galaxies-article/.

“Astronomy Picture of the Day,” accesses September 19, 2014, http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap961017.html.

Ian O’Neill, “Could TW Hydrae Be a Baby Solar System?,” accessed September 19, 2014, http://news.discovery.com/space/astronomy/could-young-star-tw-hydrae-be-solar-system-twin-130113.htm.

Sources For Chapter 21: Multiple Universes

Multiple Universes (Paragraph 2)

Sean Markey, “Universe is Finite, ‘Soccer Ball’-Shaped, Study Hints,” accessed September 30, 2014, http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/10/1008_031008_finiteuniverse.html.

Charles Choi, “Weird findings suggest that we live in a saddle-shaped universe,” accessed September 30, 2014, http://www.nbcnews.com/science/space/weird-findings-suggest-we-live-saddle-shaped-universe-f8C11133381.

Katia Moskvitch, “Universe Expanding Symmetrically, Real-Time Analysis Shows,” accessed October 23, 2014, http://www.space.com/25673-universe-expansion-real-time-cosmology.html.

Elizabeth Landau, “The universe is expanding, but how quickly?,” accessed September 30, 2014, http://www.cnn.com/2014/04/08/tech/innovation/universe-expansion-astronomers/.

Brent Tully, “How Big Is the Universe?,” accessed September 30, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/space/how-big-universe.html.

Sources For Chapter 23: The Year Numbering System Explained

The Year Numbering System Explained (Paragraph 1)

“Ancient Greek Democracy,” accessed July 20, 2014, http://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greece-democracy.

Peter Jones, “Ancient and modern,” accessed October 11, 2014, http://www.spectator.co.uk/the-week/ancient-and-modern/5847563/ancient-and-modern-124/.

N. S. Gill, “Democracy Then and Now,” accessed October 11, 2014, http://ancienthistory.about.com/cs/greekfeatures/a/democracyriseof.htm.

“507 BC – Cleithenes Recalled,” accessed July 20, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/empires/thegreeks/characters/cleisthenes_p8.html.

“U.S. Politics,” accessed October 12, 2014, http://www.pewtrusts.org/en/topics/us-politics.

Richard Rahn, “Democracy Verses Economic Growth,” accessed October 12, 2014, http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/democracy-versus-economic-growth.

Laza Kekic, “The Economist Intelligence Unit’s index of democracy,” accessed July 26, 2014, http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/DEMOCRACY_INDEX_2007_v3.pdf.

Lawrence Haas, “Stakes Too High To Ignore Democracy’s Retreat,” accessed October 11, 2014, http://www.ibtimes.com/stakes-too-high-ignore-democracys-retreat-1201521.

Phillip Blond, “In defence of Kings and Queens: why the monarch matters,” accessed October 11, 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-11930839.

Gillian Murdoch, “FACTBOX: Where are the world’s remaining monarchies?,” accessed August 15, 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/05/29/us-monarchy-idUST21920320080529.

Paul Cartledge, “The Democratic Experiment,” accessed July 20, 2014, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/greeks/greekdemocracy_01.shtml.

“Ostracized in Athens: Ancient Greeks knew how to dump bad pols,” accessed October 15, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/24/opinion/24iht-edcamp_ed3_.html.

The Year Numbering System Explained (Paragraph 3)

N. S. Gill, “A.D.,” accessed August 4, 2014, http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/time/g/AD.htm.

Marshall Brain, “How Time Works – B.C. and A.D.,” accessed August 21, 2014, http://science.howstuffworks.com/science-vs-myth/everyday-myths/time7.htm.

Pages

Sources